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Performance tuning is the 800-pound gorilla that is constantly menacing you and that requires every bit of your ingenuity, knowledge, and perseverance to keep out of harm s way. Your efforts to increase performance or to revive a bogged-down database can have a major impact on your organization, and users and management will monitor and appreciate your results. Unlike several other features of Oracle database management, performance tuning isn t a cutand-dried subject with clear prescriptions and rules for every type of problem you may face. This is one area where your technical knowledge must be used together with constant experimentation and observation. Practice does make you better, if not perfect, in this field. Frustrating as it is at times, performance tuning is a rewarding part of the Oracle DBA s tasks. You can automate most of the mundane tasks such as backup, export and import, and data loading the simple, everyday tasks that can take up so much of your valuable time. Performance tuning is

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one area that requires a lot of detective work on the part of application programmers and DBAs to see why some process is running slower than expected, or why you can t scale your application to a larger number of users without problems.

It s important to follow a systematic approach to tuning database performance. Performance problems commonly come to the fore only after a large number of users start working on a new production database. The system seems fine during development and rigorous testing, but it slows down to a crawl when it goes to production. This could be because the application isn t easily scalable for a number of reasons. The seeds of the future performance potential of your database are planted when you design your database. You need to know the nature of the applications the database is going to support. The more you understand your application, the better you can prepare for it by creating your database with the right configuration parameters. If major mistakes were made during the design stage and the database is already built, you re left with tuning application code on one hand and the database resources such as memory, CPU, and I/O on the other. Oracle suggests a specific design approach with the following steps: 1. Design the application correctly. 2. Tune the application SQL code. 3. Tune memory. 4. Tune I/O. 5. Tune contention and other issues.

Although the preceding performance tuning steps suggests that you can follow the sequence in an orderly fashion, the reality is completely different Performance tuning is an iterative process, not a sequential one where you start at the top and end up with a fully tuned database as the product As a DBA, you may be involved in a new project from the outset, when you have just the functional requirements In this case, you have an opportunity to be involved in the tuning effort from the beginning stages of the application, a phase that is somewhat misleadingly dubbed proactive tuning by some Alternatively, you may come in after the application has already been designed and implemented, and is in production In this case, your performance efforts are categorized as reactive performance tuning.

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What you can do to improve the performance of the database depends on the stage at which you can have input, and on the nature of the application itself In general, developers are responsible for writing the proper code, but the DBA has a critical responsibility to ensure that the SQL is optimal Developers and QA testers may test the application conscientiously, but the application may not scale well when exposed to heavy-duty real-life production conditions Consequently, DBAs are left scrambling to find solutions to a poorly performing SQL statement after the code is running in production Reactive performance tuning comprises most of the performance tuning done by most DBAs, for the simple reason that most problems come to light only after real users start using the application In many cases, you re experiencing performance problems on a production instance that was designed and coded long ago.